Second Language Acquisition

Second Language Acquisition

Submitted to fulfill final test from H. Surtiana H., Drs., M.A in Second Language Acquisition Subject

 

Created by

Class 3A

Antin Suryani

14221014

English Education Program

Sekolah Tinggi Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Garut

STKIP Garut

2017

Preface

            In the name of Allaah the most merciful and the best tower of mercy. The praise be to Allaah, the Lord of Alameen. Thanks to Allaah who has given His bless to the writers for finishing the English paper assignment entitled “Second language acquisition”.

            The writer also wish to express her deep and sincere gratitude for those who have guided in completing this paper.

            This English paper contains the reviewing of second language acquisition on acquiring language based on theories of second language started from other areas that related to the material.

Finally, the writer hope that this paper will be useful not only for the writer herself but also for the readers.

Garut, July 2017

Writer

Table of Content

Preface. i

Table of Content. ii

Chapter 1. 1

Introduction. 1

Chapter 2. 4

Content. 4

Chapter 3. 10

Conclusion. 10

Chapter 1

Introduction

A.      Background of Knowledge

Every countries has special language that to be its characteristics. The characteristic is based on the regional environment that has a history to produce a language. The language has 3 steps such as first language (mother tongue), second language, and foreign language. The first language is as the regional language. Then, the second language is a national language. The last, foreign language as the option language. The first language is got from parents when someone born. It is more effective to use when someone want to communicate. In this paper will discuss about second language that is not the native language of the speaker, but it is used in the locale of the acquirer’s country. Informally, second language can be said to be any language learned in addition to one’s native language that is the second language acquisition.in second language, someone will get from learning in formal and informal environment.

B.       Research Problem

1.    What is the study of second language acquisition? Explain!

2.    How do learners acquire a second language? Explain!

3.    What are learners’ strategies? Explain!

4.    What are theories of second language acquisition? Explain!

5.    What are Krashen’s Hypotheses for second language acquisition? Explain!

6.    Two planners of dialectology were George Wenker and Jules Gillieron. In what ways were their methods different and which method became the model for later dialect studies?

7.    Peter Trudgill has noted that “increased geographical mobility during the course of the twentieth century led to the disappearance of many dialects and dialect forms through a process we can call dialect levelling-the levelling out differences between one dialect and another” (2000:155)

8.    English is not the official language of the United States, but some insist that it should be. What are the arguments for and against the “English-Only Movement”?

9.    From a linguistic point of view, there are no good or bad varieties of a language. However, there is a social process called “language subordination” whereby some varieties are treated as having less value than others. Can you describe how this process works in any social situation you are familiar with?

10.                        According to Brown and Attardo (2005): if children move to an area before the age of nine, they are able to “pick up” the local dialect, which their parents do not.

C.  Purpose of the paper

1.    To know the study of second language acquisition? Explain!

2.    To know learners acquire a second language? Explain!

3.    To know learners’ strategies? Explain!

4.    To know theories of second language acquisition? Explain!

5.    To know Krashen’s Hypotheses for second language acquisition? Explain!

6.    To know two planners of dialectology were George Wenker and Jules Gillieron. what ways were their methods different and which method became the model for later dialect studies

7.    To know Peter Trudgill has noted that “increased geographical mobility during the course of the twentieth century led to the disappearance of many dialects and dialect forms through a process we can call dialect levelling-the levelling out differences between one dialect and another” (2000:155)

8.    To know English is not the official language of the United States, but some insist that it should be. What are the arguments for and against the “English-Only Movement”?

9.    To know from a linguistic point of view, there are no good or bad varieties of a language. However, there is a social process called “language subordination” whereby some varieties are treated as having less value than others. Can you describe how this process works in any social situation you are familiar with?

10.To know According to Brown and Attardo (2005): if children move to an area before the age of nine, they are able to “pick up” the local dialect, which their parents do not.

Chapter 2

Content

A.      What is the study of second language acquisition? Explain!

Answer: The study of second language acquisition is about acquiring another language that is placed on the second from the first language. Each people have first language as a mother tongue and second language as a national language. It is different to each people. Sometimes, acquiring second language is consciously or unconsciously that depends on the acquirer who is get the second language, but in another side, second language is identically conscious by learning.

B.       How do learners acquire a second language? Explain!

Answer: The learners can get a second language consciously from learning. Many country including Indonesia, second language can get by formal learning in the school as a subject. How does it happen? Identically second language is used for national language of the country to communicate in government and to fill data formally, etc. Besides that, learners can get a second language from extraction. It is normally can happen.

C.      What are learners’ strategies? Explain!

Answer: As the history from language learning, learners’ strategies are the process and action to help learners get language more effectively by consciously. It is to realize for language learning and language use that is applicable for second language. Many studies expose that learners’ strategies relate to create a good language learners. Learners’ strategies were divided into cognitive and metacognitive or affective/social.

The first strategies is cognitive strategies that involved a mental manipulation of materials or tasks, intended to enhance comprehension, acquisition, or retention. The second, metacognitive involved thinking about the learning process which is about getting knowledge. The third, social/ affective factor which consisted of making social interaction to assist in the comprehension of information in learning. If the strategies is used, so the learners will be a good language learner that have learnt optimal by reaching all of the strategies.

D.      What are theories of second language acquisition? Explain!

Answer:

a.         Semantic theory

For the second language acquisition, theory of semantic is about the domain of conscious grammar: the morpheme studies. It begins with Brown’s demonstration (Brown,1973) “that children acquiring English as a first language show a similar order of acquisition for grammatical morphemes in obligatory occasions. Certain as ing and plural, tend to be acquired relatively early, while others, such as the third person singular/s/ on verbs in the present tense or the possessive‘s marker tend to be acquired late.”

b.        Sociocultural theory

The theory in second language acquisition also learn about sociocultural that is formal and informal linguistic environments in language acquisition and language learning. In this section, the study has 2 hypotheses that exposure doesn’t influence to second language acquisition ability. First hypothesis is the informal environment can be efficiently utilized by the adult second language learner. Second hypothesis is formal studies, or its essential characteristics is significantly more efficient than exposure in increasing second language proficiency in adults.

c.         Monitor model

A monitor model is to divide an acquirer language. In the section explain the three types of performer (acquirer language) there are:

1.    overuser who uses second language based on rule the language that she/he knows. Monitoring language for “overusers” is related with conscious to understand the grammar every time when using second language.

2.    Underuser who uses language without aware the use of grammar consciously.

3.    Optimal user who uses learning language as a supplement on using language.

4.    The performer can use grammar in its place.

d.        Sociolinguistics theory

Sociolinguistics theory explains about the neurological correlates of language acquisition. It is related to acquire language to be effective. Every people has cerebral and 2 hemisphere. It shows that the right hemisphere conduct the language ability.

E.       What are Krashen’s Hypotheses for second language acquisition? Explain!

The Krashen’s hypothesis for second language acquisition are:

a.         the Acquisition-Learning hypothesis;

According to Krashen the 'acquired system' or 'acquisition' is the product of a subconscious process that children who acquire his/her mother tongue. It is naturally

b.        the Monitor hypothesis;

According to Krashen, the 'monitor' has some function like planning, editing and correcting when using second language.

c.         the Natural Order hypothesis;

The natural order is the order that seemed to be independent of the learners' age, L1 background, conditions of exposure, and has statistically significant similarities that reinforced the existence of a Natural Order of language acquisition.

d.        the Input hypothesis;

Krashen explains that the input hypothesis is only concerned with 'acquisition', not 'learning'. It is because the acquisition can get by consciously with the acquirer has to do.

e.         and the Affective Filter hypothesis.

Krashen's says that 'affective variables' play a facilitative, but non-causal, role in second language acquisition. Besides that, it has some variable including, motivation, self-confidence and anxiety.

f.         Two planners of dialectology were George Wenker and Jules Gillieron. In what ways were their methods different and which method became the model for later dialect studies?

The dialect model for later of dialect studies are social dialectology and urban dialectology that is focused on social variation and study of diverse social group such as age, class, male/female). Normally, speakers of one of the social dialects of a city possess at least some awareness of the other dialects. In this way, speech characteristics also become subjectively integrated into the system of signs indicating social status. Social variation is the characteristic of model dialect for later.

g.        Peter Trudgill has noted that “increased geographical mobility during the course of the twentieth century led to the disappearance of many dialects and dialect forms through a process we can call dialect levelling-the levelling out differences between one dialect and another” (2000:155)

a.         Do you think that “dialect levelling” is continuing in the geographical area most familiar with?

Answer: I think, yes. The dialect levelling is flexible depended on language-users. They have to change their dialect when they went to another side (area). If the acquirer that has a force dialect, it will not change, but difference for the acquirer that is not too force on dialect that acquirer have before (the real dialect). The factors of dialect levelling are geographical levelling, economic, and social mobility.

b.        Does this mean that there will eventually be only one dialect?

Answer: In my opinion about that, I disagree if dialect will be only one. I say that because each people has regional area with difference history on producing a language. It is same with dialect, the different history will influence the dialectology in language. For instance: the dialect of Canadian and American, the dialect is difference.

c.         What other forces might be at work that would cause new dialect to emerge?

Answer: Based on my opinion, dialect will change at work depend on the acquirer force on getting language. Some people are easy on changing the dialect by other people’s intervention about language, but the race of people are difficult on changing the dialect. In a case, someone will be flexible on emerging the dialect as work has.

h.        English is not the official language of the United States, but some insist that it should be. What are the arguments for and against the “English-Only Movement”?

Answer: I have an argument that English is not originally American language. It is used for merging language of all countries in United to be one language as an international language. The original language of English is from England.

i.          From a linguistic point of view, there are no good or bad varieties of a language. However, there is a social process called “language subordination” whereby some varieties are treated as having less value than others. Can you describe how this process works in any social situation you are familiar with?

Answer: One language is good than other is wrong. All countries have difference case to take a language that they must use. The basic point of that language is a tool for communication, to express someone’s feeling by producing an utterance. One person to another person is different input on understanding language. In the result, no one language is better that other because the function of language is for communication to make someone understand what we say.

j.          According to Brown and Attardo (2005): if children move to an area before the age of nine, they are able to “pick up” the local dialect, which their parents do not.

a.         Do you think this statements is true of both regional dialect and social dialect?

I think, the regional dialect comes from the original environment based on the first environment like family’s environment to communicate with family’s area that is variate with another regional in communicating especially for children where they live. Then, to communicate with other groups that is social environment, dialect adaptation will use to make an interaction in social. The regional dialect or local dialect will influence social dialect when children move to other area. Exactly, it is for education, age, and work.

b.        When and how do you think people develop their social dialects?

I think, people will develop their social dialects is when they interact in socialization such as working, studying, and etc. The way to develop social dialects are:

1.      More active in interaction in the other areas;

2.      Making conversation with other dialects;

3.      Moving to other areas, permanently.

Chapter 3

Conclusion

The study of second language acquisition is about acquiring another language that is placed on the second from the first language. Each people have first language as a mother tongue and second language as a national language. It is different to each people. Sometimes, acquiring second language is consciously or unconsciously that depends on the acquirer who is get the second language, but in another side, second language is identically conscious by learning.

The learners can get a second language consciously from learning. Many country including Indonesia, second language can get by formal learning in the school as a subject. How does it happen? Identically second language is used for national language of the country to communicate in government and to fill data formally, etc. Besides that, learners can get a second language from extraction. It is normally can happen.

As the history from language learning, learners’ strategies are the process and action to help learners get language more effectively by consciously. It is to realize for language learning and language use that is applicable for second language. Many studies expose that learners’ strategies relate to create a good language learners. Learners’ strategies were divided into cognitive and metacognitive or affective/social.

The theories of second language are semantic theory, sociolinguistic theory, socio-cultural theory, and moniotoring.

1)   The Krashen’s theory are the Acquisition-Learning hypothesis;

2)   the Monitor hypothesis;

3)   the Natural Order hypothesis;

4)   the Input hypothesis;

5)   and the Affective Filter hypothesis.

The dialect levelling is flexible depended on language-users. They have to change their dialect when they went to another side (area). If the acquirer that has a force dialect, it will not change, but difference for the acquirer that is not too force on dialect that acquirer have before (the real dialect). The factors of dialect levelling are geographical levelling, economic, and social mobility.

English is not originally American language. It is used for merging language of all countries in United to be one language as an international language. The original language of English is from England.

One language is good than other is wrong. All countries have difference case to take a language that they must use. The basic point of that language is a tool for communication, to express someone’s feeling by producing an utterance. One person to another person is different input on understanding language. In the result, no one language is better that other because the function of language is for communication to make someone understand what we say.

The regional dialect comes from the original environment based on the first environment like family’s environment to communicate with family’s area that is variate with another regional in communicating especially for children where they live. Then, to communicate with other groups that is social environment, dialect adaptation will use to make an interaction in social. The regional dialect or local dialect will influence social dialect when children move to other area. Exactly, it is for education, age, and work.